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Barlaam of Seminara
Barlaam of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman),〔http://clt.unical.it/Doc_Varie/Ricerche/Dialettologia/TrumperLaCalabriaNellaDimensioneSpazioTemporale.pdf〕〔Christopher Kleinhenz et al., ''Medieval Italy. An encyclopedia'', I., Routledge, 1993, p. 97: "Barlaam the Calabrian (Bernardo Massari, c. 1290-1348 or c. 1350)."〕 ca. 1290-1348, or Barlaam of Calabria was a southern Italian scholar (Aristotelian scholastic) and clergyman of the 14th century, as well as a Humanist, a philologist, and a theologian. When Gregory Palamas defended Hesychasm (the Eastern Orthodox Church's mystical teaching on prayer), Barlaam accused him of heresy. Three Orthodox synods ruled against him and in Palamas's favor (two "Councils of Sophia" in June and August 1341, and a "Council of Blachernae" in 1351).
==Early life==
Barlaam was born in what is now the commune of Seminara, Calabria. Despite the general belief that Barlaam converted to Orthodox Christianity, Martin Jugie argues that he was in fact baptized and brought up in the Orthodox tradition.〔Jugie, Martin. "Barlaam, est-il ne catholique? EO, 39 (1940) 100-125.〕
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